2nd International Conference on
Polymer Chemistry and Materials Engineering

Researchers working in chemical synthesis are under increasing pressure to discover and
develop innovative pathways and robust chemical processes as quickly as possible. The scope
of Polymer Chemistry extends from polymers with only a few repeating units to very long
chain polymers with thousands or millions of repeating units Polymerization and
modification reactions can be employed to produce designer polymers as new materials with
practically any desired properties.

Polymers is used in day to day life floor coverings, garbage disposal bags, and packaging’s
are other polymer applications. Automobile parts, windshields for fighter planes, pipes, tanks,
packing materials, insulation, wood substitutes, adhesives, matrix for composites, and
elastomers are all polymer applications used in the industrial market. Each industry has
standards relevant to polymer applications. Our polymer application engineers and scientists
possess the specialist industry knowledge which can bring you the insight you need to solve
problems, progress product development, ensure compliance and achieve a successful market
launch for the industries.

Biopolymers are polymers produced by living organisms; in alternative words, they are
compound biomolecules. Bio-polymers provide an alternative to oil based plastics, as they
are made up off plants, usually polymers of starch or poly lactic acid (PLA). They are
presently used for luggage bags, cutlery and plates, pens, clothing, credit cards, food
packaging, agricultural films, teabags, occasional filters, diapers and napkins. Bioplastics are
plastics derived from renewable biomass sources, like vegetable fats and oils, corn starch,
straw, woodchips, food waste, etc. Bioplastics are not free of environmental impact, and the
carbon emissions related to growing crops and changing these into the specified chemicals
has to be taken into consideration.

Properties of bio polymers

Synthetic polymers are human-made polymers. Synthetic polymers are derived from crude

oil, and created by scientists and engineers. Examples of synthetic polymers include nylon,
polythene, polyester, Teflon, and epoxy. Examples of naturally occurring polymers are silk,
wool, DNA, polysaccharide and proteins. Green and Natural Polymers Are on the Rise. As
their name implies, natural polymers (or biopolymers) are polymers that occur naturally or
are produced by living organisms (such as polysaccharide, silk, chitin, protein, DNA).

Properties of green polymers

• source renewability
• biodegradability
• composability
• environmentally friendly processing

The powder will be chemical compound or many other alternative materials and a range of
binders will be utilized based on the powder used. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) (or fused
deposition modelling – FDM) was developed in the early 1990s as another 3D
printing approach that like SLS uses preformed polymer as the building material. PLA is a
biodegradable plastic made from renewables such as corn-starch. While several 3D-printer
manufacturers are providing metal 3D-printing services, it’ll be some time before the
economies of scale that helped bring down the price of plastic 3D printing affect the DMLS
market.

Uses of 3d printing polymers

• implants
• prosthetics

• Dental
• Orthodontics
• drug release tissues

Bio-catalysis refers to the use of natural substances that include enzymes
from biological sources or whole cells to speed up chemical reactions. Enzymes have pivotal
role in the catalysis of hundreds of reactions that include production of alcohols from
fermentation and cheese by breakdown of milk proteins. Bio-catalysis have many advantages
over chemo catalysis in the context of green chemistry, which include mild reaction
conditions (physiological pH and temperature), the use of environmentally compatible
catalysts (enzymes) and solvents (usually water), high chemical activity and sensible regio-
and chemo-selectivities for multifunctional molecules.

Properties of bio catalysis

• high reaction rate
• high specificity
• biodegradability
• reaction at mild environmental conditions (pH, temperature, and pressure).

A polymer is a massive molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits.
Due to their broad range of properties, each artificial and natural polymer plays essential and
omnipresent roles in everyday life. The field of chemical compound science includes
researchers in multiple disciplines including chemistry, physics, and engineering. Polymers
are studied with in the fields of physics science and macromolecular science, and polymer
science (which include polymer chemistry and polymer physics).

Bioinorganic chemistry may be a field that examines the role of metals in biology. Many
biological processes like respiration depend upon molecules that fall within the realm
of inorganic chemistry. Bioinorganic chemistry is the behavioural study of metal proteins as
well as artificially introduced metals including non-essential, in medicine and
pharmacology. Bioinorganic Materials and Nanotechnology session is especially to
phenomena and processes together of inorganic materials, nanomaterials and biological
systems.

Polymer engineering is mostly associated with an engineering field that designs, analyses,
and modifies polymer materials. Engineering polymers are materials with superior
structure–property correlations. These properties enable the use of the engineering polymers
in specific, high-end applications in automotive and aerospace industries. The recent
developments of chemical compound have revolutionized the sphere of fabric science
increasing the use of chemical compound primarily based substances from building materials
to Packing materials, Fancy decoration articles, Electrical engineering, Communications,
Automobile, Aircrafts, etc.

Applications in polymer engineering

• In aircraft, aerospace, and sports equipment.
• 3D printing plastics.
• Biopolymers in molecular recognition
• Polymers in holography.
• Polymeric Biomolecules.

Polymer Nano-composites consist of a polymer or copolymer having Nano particles
dispersed in the polymer matrix. Polymer nanotechnology group can develop enabling
techniques for the patterning of practical surfaces. Polymer Nano science is that the study and
application of Nano science to polymer-nanoparticle matrices, wherever nanoparticles are
those with at least one dimension of less than 100 nm. The most common type of filler
particles utilized by the tire industry had traditionally been Carbon black (Cb), produced from
the incomplete combustion of coal tar and ethylene.

Properties of nano polymers

• Flexibility
• Optically active
• Strength
• Durability
• Light weight

Polymers are increasingly being used in a wide variety of applications in electronics and
photonics, most of which use polymers in their traditional role as engineering materials. For
more than 50 years, we have been developing and manufacturing polymer optical
components and complex optomechanical electronic systems for our customers using
sophisticated injection molding process. Metal nanoparticles have been used since the
medieval times to create beautiful colours in glass windows. The effect is a result of strong
colour-dependent light absorption in metal nanostructures; through excitation of collective
electron oscillations known as Plasmon’s. They are associated with doped fiber amplifiers,
which give light-weight amplification without lasing. Fibre nonlinearitie, like stimulated
Raman scattering or four-wave mixing can also provide gain and thus serve as gain media for
a fiber optical device.

Properties of polymer electronics

• Flexible
• their structures are able to be modified
• their  properties can be tuned.

The chemical gas polymerization process of the UOP operates on olefin-containing gases. In
both thermal and catalytic polymerization processes, the feedstock is usually pretreated to
remove sulphur and nitrogen compounds. This method converts propylene and butylene to
high-octane fuel or petrochemical polymers. Polymerization may be a method in which a
substance of low molecular weight is transformed into one of the same composition but of
higher molecular weight, maintaining the atomic arrangement present in the basic
molecule.The stability of petroleum is dependent upon the molecular relationships of
asphaltene and organic compound constituents and also the balance with the other
constituents of petroleum. The asphaltene constituents are the highest molecular weight
heaviest and most polar compounds in crude oil. During crude purification, the asphaltene
compounds are non-distillable and remain in the residual fuels as the distillable fractions are
removed.

Reaction involved in polymerization

• chain-reaction
• step-reaction

Polymers play a crucial role in medical applications and biomaterials are already habitually
used in clinical applications. However, several medically approved polymers are not yet
optimized for their aspired application. Properties such as mechanical characteristics,
plasticity and degradation behaviour need to be adapted to the designated application. For
medical applications, the surface properties are of major importance. Polymers are also
constantly gaining attention in trendy biomaterial analysis wherever polymeric materials
should act as mechanically stable, degradable and custom-made scaffolds, drug carriers or
hydrogel-based artificial biomimetic living thing matrix. In this space, major progresses can
be achieved via 3D printing of hierarchical materials with tissue-like structures.

Some applications are

• tissue adhesives
• vascular grafts
• materials for cosmetic implants
• dental composites
• contact and intraocular lenses

Polymer drug conjugates play a crucial role in the delivery of drugs. In the polymeric drug
conjugates, the bioactive agent is combined covalently with chemical the substance to realize
the efficient delivery of bioactive agents with in the required or specific period of time along
with the enhancement of permeability and retention time. Among them, could be a
biodegradable polymer

 having versatile nature due to its 2 chemical element atoms connected
on each sides of phosphorus atom of its polymeric backbone, it can be easily replaced by
nucleophilic substitution reaction. Plastic packaging for food and non-food applications is
non-biodegradable, and also uses up valuable and scarce non-renewable resources like fossil
fuel.

Scope of polymer chemistry

• Polymers in Stem Cell Biology
• Self-Healing and Reprocess-able Polymer Systems
• Smart Polymers
• Green Synthesis of Functional Materials
• In Gene Delivery Systems
• Ceramic Industry
• Biopolymers in Drug Delivery
• Market growth of Polymers

Futures of Bio-polymers demand the manufacturer for brand spanking new materials is
overwhelming. Applications by the use of new materials should utilize the properties of those
polymers, and also the products should be developed based on those properties. The main
concerns for humans in the future can be energy & resources, food, health, mobility &
infrastructure and communication. Synthetic polymers have since an extend time played a
relatively important role in present-day medicinal observations. Polymers occupy a
prominent role in this modern living. From the tooth brush, lunchboxes, toys, pens etc, a lot
of products are being used every day. It is absolutely fascinating when we understand the
polymers and its utmost functionalities. From the daily utilities to the most advanced areas of
research, polymer is a fundamental component. Man synthesized artificial polymer
mimicking the natural polymers, which is a group of molecules combined together

The clay polymers are hydrophilic three-dimensional (3D) composites which are used for the
coating of fertilizers for environmentally benefits to overcome the problem of waste of
nutrients, dehydration, leeching and pollution. There are many methods for coating of
fertilizers and one of them is coating of fertilizers with clay polymers. The clay polymers
have an extraordinary property of adsorbing water and retain it for long time until water is
released on plants demand. There are many types of clay which are used for clay polymer
synthesis like montmorillonite, bentonite, double layered hydroxide, vermiculite, kaolinite
etc. These silicates layered minerals give specific characters to clay polymers for fertilizers
coating like enhance absorbance, mechanical properties etc. Methods used for production of
clay minerals are in situ polymerization, melt intercalation, sol gel technology,
polymerization from solution, template synthesis, with aid of supercritical CO2. Each process
has its own benefits and limitation and there are certain factors which determined the
production of clay polymers like temperature, pH, ionic concentration  between the layers of
silicates layers of clay. The techniques used for characterization are X ray diffraction, Cation
exchange capacity, nuclear magnetic resonance, ellipsometry, atomic force microscope and
transmission electron microscopy. These techniques are employed to investigate the
properties and characteristics of prepared clay polymers.

Properties of clay polymers

• substantial improvement in tensile strength
• tensile modulus
• flexural strength
• modulus, heat distortion temperature
• no loss in impact strength.

Presently, there is a growing interest in developing new controlled-release fertilizers based on
ecological raw materials. The present study aims to compare the efficacy of two new ureic-
based controlled-release fertilizers formulated with water-soluble polymeric coatings
enriched with humic acids or seaweed extracts. To this end, an experimental approach was
designed under controlled greenhouse conditions by carrying out its subsequent field scaling.
Different physiological parameters and crop yield were measured by comparing the new
fertilizers with another non polymeric-coated fertilizer, ammonium nitrate, and an untreated
‘Control’. As a result, on the microscale the fertilizer enriched with humic acids favored a
better global response in the photosynthetic parameters and nutritional status of wheat plants.
A significant 1.2-fold increase in grain weight yield and grain number was obtained with the
humic acid polymeric fertilizer versus that enriched with seaweed extracts; and also, in
average, higher in respect to the uncoated one. At the field level, similar results were
confirmed by lowering N doses by 20% when applying the humic acid polymeric-coated
produce compared to ammonium nitrate. Our results showed that the new humic acid
polymeric fertilizer facilitated crop management and reduced the environmental impact
generated by N losses, which are usually produced by traditional fertilizers. Keywords:
coated-urea fertilizer; humic acid; lignosulfonate; natural polymers; seaweed

Synthetic and natural-based polymers have found their way into the pharmaceutical and
biomedical industries and their applications are growing at a fast pace. Understanding the role
of polymers as ingredients in drug products is important for a pharmacist or pharmaceutical
scientist who deals with drug products on a routine basis. Having a basic understanding of
polymers will give you the opportunity to not only familiarize yourself with the function of
drug products but also possibly develop new formulations or better delivery systems. This
chapter will provide the basis for understanding pharmaceutical polymers. The basic concepts
of polymer chemistry, polymer properties, types of polymers, polymers in pharmaceutical
and biomedical industries, and reviews of some polymeric products in novel drug delivery
systems and technologies will be covered.

Many nuclear power plants are in the planning stage throughout the world today, as the fossil
power plants utilizing coal or petroleum are restrained because of world energy and
environmental aspect. And furthermore, nuclear power plants are now strongly expected to be
safer and more reliable operation.
From the view point of preventing faculty failure, it is very important to manage the
preservation of aged polymers that are used in many components as domestic nuclear power
plants prolonged their operation years.